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- _GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING COLUMN_
- by Michael Abrash
-
-
- [LISTING ONE]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) mode set routine. Works on all VGAs.
- ; C near-callable as:
- ; void Set320x240Mode(void);
- ; Tested with TASM 2.0.
- ; Modified from public-domain mode set code by John Bridges.
-
- SC_INDEX equ 03c4h ;Sequence Controller Index
- CRTC_INDEX equ 03d4h ;CRT Controller Index
- MISC_OUTPUT equ 03c2h ;Miscellaneous Output register
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
-
- .model small
- .data
- ; Index/data pairs for CRT Controller registers that differ between
- ; mode 13h and mode X.
- CRTParms label word
- dw 00d06h ;vertical total
- dw 03e07h ;overflow (bit 8 of vertical counts)
- dw 04109h ;cell height (2 to double-scan)
- dw 0ea10h ;v sync start
- dw 0ac11h ;v sync end and protect cr0-cr7
- dw 0df12h ;vertical displayed
- dw 00014h ;turn off dword mode
- dw 0e715h ;v blank start
- dw 00616h ;v blank end
- dw 0e317h ;turn on byte mode
- CRT_PARM_LENGTH equ (($-CRTParms)/2)
-
- .code
- public _Set320x240Mode
- _Set320x240Mode proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- push si ;preserve C register vars
- push di ; (don't count on BIOS preserving anything)
-
- mov ax,13h ;let the BIOS set standard 256-color
- int 10h ; mode (320x200 linear)
-
- mov dx,SC_INDEX
- mov ax,0604h
- out dx,ax ;disable chain4 mode
- mov ax,0100h
- out dx,ax ;synchronous reset while switching clocks
-
- mov dx,MISC_OUTPUT
- mov al,0e7h
- out dx,al ;select 28 MHz dot clock & 60 Hz scanning rate
-
- mov dx,SC_INDEX
- mov ax,0300h
- out dx,ax ;undo reset (restart sequencer)
-
- mov dx,CRTC_INDEX ;reprogram the CRT Controller
- mov al,11h ;VSync End reg contains register write
- out dx,al ; protect bit
- inc dx ;CRT Controller Data register
- in al,dx ;get current VSync End register setting
- and al,7fh ;remove write protect on various
- out dx,al ; CRTC registers
- dec dx ;CRT Controller Index
- cld
- mov si,offset CRTParms ;point to CRT parameter table
- mov cx,CRT_PARM_LENGTH ;# of table entries
- SetCRTParmsLoop:
- lodsw ;get the next CRT Index/Data pair
- out dx,ax ;set the next CRT Index/Data pair
- loop SetCRTParmsLoop
-
- mov dx,SC_INDEX
- mov ax,0f02h
- out dx,ax ;enable writes to all four planes
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG ;now clear all display memory, 8 pixels
- mov es,ax ; at a time
- sub di,di ;point ES:DI to display memory
- sub ax,ax ;clear to zero-value pixels
- mov cx,8000h ;# of words in display memory
- rep stosw ;clear all of display memory
-
- pop di ;restore C register vars
- pop si
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _Set320x240Mode endp
- end
-
-
-
- [LISTING TWO]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) write pixel routine. Works on all VGAs.
- ; No clipping is performed.
- ; C near-callable as:
- ; void WritePixelX(int X, int Y, unsigned int PageBase, int Color);
-
- SC_INDEX equ 03c4h ;Sequence Controller Index
- MAP_MASK equ 02h ;index in SC of Map Mask register
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
- SCREEN_WIDTH equ 80 ;width of screen in bytes from one scan line
- ; to the next
-
- parms struc
- dw 2 dup (?) ;pushed BP and return address
- X dw ? ;X coordinate of pixel to draw
- Y dw ? ;Y coordinate of pixel to draw
- PageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page in
- ; which to draw pixel
- Color dw ? ;color in which to draw pixel
- parms ends
-
- .model small
- .code
- public _WritePixelX
- _WritePixelX proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- mov bp,sp ;point to local stack frame
-
- mov ax,SCREEN_WIDTH
- mul [bp+Y] ;offset of pixel's scan line in page
- mov bx,[bp+X]
- shr bx,1
- shr bx,1 ;X/4 = offset of pixel in scan line
- add bx,ax ;offset of pixel in page
- add bx,[bp+PageBase] ;offset of pixel in display memory
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG
- mov es,ax ;point ES:BX to the pixel's address
-
- mov cl,byte ptr [bp+X]
- and cl,011b ;CL = pixel's plane
- mov ax,0100h + MAP_MASK ;AL = index in SC of Map Mask reg
- shl ah,cl ;set only the bit for the pixel's plane to 1
- mov dx,SC_INDEX ;set the Map Mask to enable only the
- out dx,ax ; pixel's plane
-
- mov al,byte ptr [bp+Color]
- mov es:[bx],al ;draw the pixel in the desired color
-
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _WritePixelX endp
- end
-
-
-
-
- [LISTING THREE]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) read pixel routine. Works on all VGAs.
- ; No clipping is performed.
- ; C near-callable as:
- ; unsigned int ReadPixelX(int X, int Y, unsigned int PageBase);
-
- GC_INDEX equ 03ceh ;Graphics Controller Index
- READ_MAP equ 04h ;index in GC of the Read Map register
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
- SCREEN_WIDTH equ 80 ;width of screen in bytes from one scan line
- ; to the next
- parms struc
- dw 2 dup (?) ;pushed BP and return address
- X dw ? ;X coordinate of pixel to read
- Y dw ? ;Y coordinate of pixel to read
- PageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page from
- ; which to read pixel
- parms ends
-
- .model small
- .code
- public _ReadPixelX
- _ReadPixelX proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- mov bp,sp ;point to local stack frame
-
- mov ax,SCREEN_WIDTH
- mul [bp+Y] ;offset of pixel's scan line in page
- mov bx,[bp+X]
- shr bx,1
- shr bx,1 ;X/4 = offset of pixel in scan line
- add bx,ax ;offset of pixel in page
- add bx,[bp+PageBase] ;offset of pixel in display memory
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG
- mov es,ax ;point ES:BX to the pixel's address
-
- mov ah,byte ptr [bp+X]
- and ah,011b ;AH = pixel's plane
- mov al,READ_MAP ;AL = index in GC of the Read Map reg
- mov dx,GC_INDEX ;set the Read Map to read the pixel's
- out dx,ax ; plane
-
- mov al,es:[bx] ;read the pixel's color
- sub ah,ah ;convert it to an unsigned int
-
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _ReadPixelX endp
- end
-
-
-
- [LISTING FOUR]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) rectangle fill routine. Works on all
- ; VGAs. Uses slow approach that selects the plane explicitly for each
- ; pixel. Fills up to but not including the column at EndX and the row
- ; at EndY. No clipping is performed.
- ; C near-callable as:
- ; void FillRectangleX(int StartX, int StartY, int EndX, int EndY,
- ; unsigned int PageBase, int Color);
-
- SC_INDEX equ 03c4h ;Sequence Controller Index
- MAP_MASK equ 02h ;index in SC of Map Mask register
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
- SCREEN_WIDTH equ 80 ;width of screen in bytes from one scan line
- ; to the next
- parms struc
- dw 2 dup (?) ;pushed BP and return address
- StartX dw ? ;X coordinate of upper left corner of rect
- StartY dw ? ;Y coordinate of upper left corner of rect
- EndX dw ? ;X coordinate of lower right corner of rect
- ; (the row at EndX is not filled)
- EndY dw ? ;Y coordinate of lower right corner of rect
- ; (the column at EndY is not filled)
- PageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page in
- ; which to fill rectangle
- Color dw ? ;color in which to draw pixel
- parms ends
-
- .model small
- .code
- public _FillRectangleX
- _FillRectangleX proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- mov bp,sp ;point to local stack frame
- push si ;preserve caller's register variables
- push di
-
- mov ax,SCREEN_WIDTH
- mul [bp+StartY] ;offset in page of top rectangle scan line
- mov di,[bp+StartX]
- shr di,1
- shr di,1 ;X/4 = offset of first rectangle pixel in scan
- ; line
- add di,ax ;offset of first rectangle pixel in page
- add di,[bp+PageBase] ;offset of first rectangle pixel in
- ; display memory
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG
- mov es,ax ;point ES:DI to the first rectangle pixel's
- ; address
- mov dx,SC_INDEX ;set the Sequence Controller Index to
- mov al,MAP_MASK ; point to the Map Mask register
- out dx,al
- inc dx ;point DX to the SC Data register
- mov cl,byte ptr [bp+StartX]
- and cl,011b ;CL = first rectangle pixel's plane
- mov al,01h
- shl al,cl ;set only the bit for the pixel's plane to 1
- mov ah,byte ptr [bp+Color] ;color with which to fill
- mov bx,[bp+EndY]
- sub bx,[bp+StartY] ;BX = height of rectangle
- jle FillDone ;skip if 0 or negative height
- mov si,[bp+EndX]
- sub si,[bp+StartX] ;CX = width of rectangle
- jle FillDone ;skip if 0 or negative width
- FillRowsLoop:
- push ax ;remember the plane mask for the left edge
- push di ;remember the start offset of the scan line
- mov cx,si ;set count of pixels in this scan line
- FillScanLineLoop:
- out dx,al ;set the plane for this pixel
- mov es:[di],ah ;draw the pixel
- shl al,1 ;adjust the plane mask for the next pixel's
- and al,01111b ; bit, modulo 4
- jnz AddressSet ;advance address if we turned over from
- inc di ; plane 3 to plane 0
- mov al,00001b ;set plane mask bit for plane 0
- AddressSet:
- loop FillScanLineLoop
- pop di ;retrieve the start offset of the scan line
- add di,SCREEN_WIDTH ;point to the start of the next scan
- ; line of the rectangle
- pop ax ;retrieve the plane mask for the left edge
- dec bx ;count down scan lines
- jnz FillRowsLoop
- FillDone:
- pop di ;restore caller's register variables
- pop si
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _FillRectangleX endp
- end
-
-
-
-
- [LISTING FIVE]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) rectangle fill routine. Works on all
- ; VGAs. Uses medium-speed approach that selects each plane only once
- ; per rectangle; this results in a fade-in effect for large
- ; rectangles. Fills up to but not including the column at EndX and the
- ; row at EndY. No clipping is performed.
- ; C near-callable as:
- ; void FillRectangleX(int StartX, int StartY, int EndX, int EndY,
- ; unsigned int PageBase, int Color);
-
- SC_INDEX equ 03c4h ;Sequence Controller Index
- MAP_MASK equ 02h ;index in SC of Map Mask register
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
- SCREEN_WIDTH equ 80 ;width of screen in bytes from one scan line
- ; to the next
- parms struc
- dw 2 dup (?) ;pushed BP and return address
- StartX dw ? ;X coordinate of upper left corner of rect
- StartY dw ? ;Y coordinate of upper left corner of rect
- EndX dw ? ;X coordinate of lower right corner of rect
- ; (the row at EndX is not filled)
- EndY dw ? ;Y coordinate of lower right corner of rect
- ; (the column at EndY is not filled)
- PageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page in
- ; which to fill rectangle
- Color dw ? ;color in which to draw pixel
- parms ends
-
- StartOffset equ -2 ;local storage for start offset of rectangle
- Width equ -4 ;local storage for address width of rectangle
- Height equ -6 ;local storage for height of rectangle
- PlaneInfo equ -8 ;local storage for plane # and plane mask
- STACK_FRAME_SIZE equ 8
-
- .model small
- .code
- public _FillRectangleX
- _FillRectangleX proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- mov bp,sp ;point to local stack frame
- sub sp,STACK_FRAME_SIZE ;allocate space for local vars
- push si ;preserve caller's register variables
- push di
-
- cld
- mov ax,SCREEN_WIDTH
- mul [bp+StartY] ;offset in page of top rectangle scan line
- mov di,[bp+StartX]
- shr di,1
- shr di,1 ;X/4 = offset of first rectangle pixel in scan
- ; line
- add di,ax ;offset of first rectangle pixel in page
- add di,[bp+PageBase] ;offset of first rectangle pixel in
- ; display memory
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG
- mov es,ax ;point ES:DI to the first rectangle pixel's
- mov [bp+StartOffset],di ; address
- mov dx,SC_INDEX ;set the Sequence Controller Index to
- mov al,MAP_MASK ; point to the Map Mask register
- out dx,al
- mov bx,[bp+EndY]
- sub bx,[bp+StartY] ;BX = height of rectangle
- jle FillDone ;skip if 0 or negative height
- mov [bp+Height],bx
- mov dx,[bp+EndX]
- mov cx,[bp+StartX]
- cmp dx,cx
- jle FillDone ;skip if 0 or negative width
- dec dx
- and cx,not 011b
- sub dx,cx
- shr dx,1
- shr dx,1
- inc dx ;# of addresses across rectangle to fill
- mov [bp+Width],dx
- mov word ptr [bp+PlaneInfo],0001h
- ;lower byte = plane mask for plane 0,
- ; upper byte = plane # for plane 0
- FillPlanesLoop:
- mov ax,word ptr [bp+PlaneInfo]
- mov dx,SC_INDEX+1 ;point DX to the SC Data register
- out dx,al ;set the plane for this pixel
- mov di,[bp+StartOffset] ;point ES:DI to rectangle start
- mov dx,[bp+Width]
- mov cl,byte ptr [bp+StartX]
- and cl,011b ;plane # of first pixel in initial byte
- cmp ah,cl ;do we draw this plane in the initial byte?
- jae InitAddrSet ;yes
- dec dx ;no, so skip the initial byte
- jz FillLoopBottom ;skip this plane if no pixels in it
- inc di
- InitAddrSet:
- mov cl,byte ptr [bp+EndX]
- dec cl
- and cl,011b ;plane # of last pixel in final byte
- cmp ah,cl ;do we draw this plane in the final byte?
- jbe WidthSet ;yes
- dec dx ;no, so skip the final byte
- jz FillLoopBottom ;skip this planes if no pixels in it
- WidthSet:
- mov si,SCREEN_WIDTH
- sub si,dx ;distance from end of one scan line to start
- ; of next
- mov bx,[bp+Height] ;# of lines to fill
- mov al,byte ptr [bp+Color] ;color with which to fill
- FillRowsLoop:
- mov cx,dx ;# of bytes across scan line
- rep stosb ;fill the scan line in this plane
- add di,si ;point to the start of the next scan
- ; line of the rectangle
- dec bx ;count down scan lines
- jnz FillRowsLoop
- FillLoopBottom:
- mov ax,word ptr [bp+PlaneInfo]
- shl al,1 ;set the plane bit to the next plane
- inc ah ;increment the plane #
- mov word ptr [bp+PlaneInfo],ax
- cmp ah,4 ;have we done all planes?
- jnz FillPlanesLoop ;continue if any more planes
- FillDone:
- pop di ;restore caller's register variables
- pop si
- mov sp,bp ;discard storage for local variables
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _FillRectangleX endp
- end
-
-
-
-
-
- [LISTING SIX]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) rectangle fill routine. Works on all
- ; VGAs. Uses fast approach that fans data out to up to four planes at
- ; once to draw up to four pixels at once. Fills up to but not
- ; including the column at EndX and the row at EndY. No clipping is
- ; performed.
- ; C near-callable as:
- ; void FillRectangleX(int StartX, int StartY, int EndX, int EndY,
- ; unsigned int PageBase, int Color);
-
- SC_INDEX equ 03c4h ;Sequence Controller Index
- MAP_MASK equ 02h ;index in SC of Map Mask register
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
- SCREEN_WIDTH equ 80 ;width of screen in bytes from one scan line
- ; to the next
- parms struc
- dw 2 dup (?) ;pushed BP and return address
- StartX dw ? ;X coordinate of upper left corner of rect
- StartY dw ? ;Y coordinate of upper left corner of rect
- EndX dw ? ;X coordinate of lower right corner of rect
- ; (the row at EndX is not filled)
- EndY dw ? ;Y coordinate of lower right corner of rect
- ; (the column at EndY is not filled)
- PageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page in
- ; which to fill rectangle
- Color dw ? ;color in which to draw pixel
- parms ends
-
- .model small
- .data
- ; Plane masks for clipping left and right edges of rectangle.
- LeftClipPlaneMask db 00fh,00eh,00ch,008h
- RightClipPlaneMask db 00fh,001h,003h,007h
- .code
- public _FillRectangleX
- _FillRectangleX proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- mov bp,sp ;point to local stack frame
- push si ;preserve caller's register variables
- push di
-
- cld
- mov ax,SCREEN_WIDTH
- mul [bp+StartY] ;offset in page of top rectangle scan line
- mov di,[bp+StartX]
- shr di,1 ;X/4 = offset of first rectangle pixel in scan
- shr di,1 ; line
- add di,ax ;offset of first rectangle pixel in page
- add di,[bp+PageBase] ;offset of first rectangle pixel in
- ; display memory
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG ;point ES:DI to the first rectangle
- mov es,ax ; pixel's address
- mov dx,SC_INDEX ;set the Sequence Controller Index to
- mov al,MAP_MASK ; point to the Map Mask register
- out dx,al
- inc dx ;point DX to the SC Data register
- mov si,[bp+StartX]
- and si,0003h ;look up left edge plane mask
- mov bh,LeftClipPlaneMask[si] ; to clip & put in BH
- mov si,[bp+EndX]
- and si,0003h ;look up right edge plane
- mov bl,RightClipPlaneMask[si] ; mask to clip & put in BL
-
- mov cx,[bp+EndX] ;calculate # of addresses across rect
- mov si,[bp+StartX]
- cmp cx,si
- jle FillDone ;skip if 0 or negative width
- dec cx
- and si,not 011b
- sub cx,si
- shr cx,1
- shr cx,1 ;# of addresses across rectangle to fill - 1
- jnz MasksSet ;there's more than one byte to draw
- and bh,bl ;there's only one byte, so combine the left
- ; and right edge clip masks
- MasksSet:
- mov si,[bp+EndY]
- sub si,[bp+StartY] ;BX = height of rectangle
- jle FillDone ;skip if 0 or negative height
- mov ah,byte ptr [bp+Color] ;color with which to fill
- mov bp,SCREEN_WIDTH ;stack frame isn't needed any more
- sub bp,cx ;distance from end of one scan line to start
- dec bp ; of next
- FillRowsLoop:
- push cx ;remember width in addresses - 1
- mov al,bh ;put left-edge clip mask in AL
- out dx,al ;set the left-edge plane (clip) mask
- mov al,ah ;put color in AL
- stosb ;draw the left edge
- dec cx ;count off left edge byte
- js FillLoopBottom ;that's the only byte
- jz DoRightEdge ;there are only two bytes
- mov al,00fh ;middle addresses are drawn 4 pixels at a pop
- out dx,al ;set the middle pixel mask to no clip
- mov al,ah ;put color in AL
- rep stosb ;draw the middle addresses four pixels apiece
- DoRightEdge:
- mov al,bl ;put right-edge clip mask in AL
- out dx,al ;set the right-edge plane (clip) mask
- mov al,ah ;put color in AL
- stosb ;draw the right edge
- FillLoopBottom:
- add di,bp ;point to the start of the next scan line of
- ; the rectangle
- pop cx ;retrieve width in addresses - 1
- dec si ;count down scan lines
- jnz FillRowsLoop
- FillDone:
- pop di ;restore caller's register variables
- pop si
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _FillRectangleX endp
- end
-
-
-
-
- [LISTING SEVEN]
-
- /* Program to demonstrate mode X (320x240, 256-colors) rectangle
- fill by drawing adjacent 20x20 rectangles in successive colors from
- 0 on up across and down the screen */
- #include <conio.h>
- #include <dos.h>
-
- void Set320x240Mode(void);
- void FillRectangleX(int, int, int, int, unsigned int, int);
-
- void main() {
- int i,j;
- union REGS regset;
-
- Set320x240Mode();
- FillRectangleX(0,0,320,240,0,0); /* clear the screen to black */
- for (j = 1; j < 220; j += 21) {
- for (i = 1; i < 300; i += 21) {
- FillRectangleX(i, j, i+20, j+20, 0, ((j/21*15)+i/21) & 0xFF);
- }
- }
- getch();
- regset.x.ax = 0x0003; /* switch back to text mode and done */
- int86(0x10, ®set, ®set);
- }
-
-
-